Applications:ICC;IF;IHC;WB
E=ELISA;FACS;FC=FlowCytometry;FPLC=FastProteinLiquidChromatography;GF=GravityFlow;HPLC=HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography;ICC=Immunocytochemistry;IF=Immunofluorescence;IHC=Immunohistochemistry;IP=Immunoprecipitation;NAC=Non-adherentCellAssays;NB=NeutralizationofBioactivity;SE=SandwichELISA;TPE=TargetedProteinExpression;WB=Westernblotting;;AC=AdherentCellAssays;FM=FluorescentMicsroscopy;;;BSC-CM5=BiacoreSensorChipCM5;BSM=BiosactiveSmallMoleculeorPeptide;CDM=CellDifferentiationMedia;;;;;;HealthandFitness;;;DNAExtraction/Purification;;InvivoLikeAssaysSpeciesReactivity:B;M;P;R
B=Bovine;Ca=Cat;Ch=Chicken;D=Dog;EQ=Equine;GP=GuineaPig;H=Human;M=Mouse;P=Porcine;Pr=Primate;R=Rat;Rb=Rabbit;Y=Yeast;Xe=Xenopus;Ze=Zebrafish;;;;NA-NotApplicable;STP=Step-TactinProteins;AllFormat:liquid
Immunogen:Recombinantbovinearrestin-1withthefirst20aminoacidsoftheC-terminustruncated
ArrestinproteinsareafamilyofcellsignalingregulatorsofGprotein-coupledreceptors.Inmammalstherearefourarrestinisoforms;visualarrestin(s-antigenandarrestin-1)andconearrestin(arrestin-4)whicharelargelyconfinedtophotoreceptors.β-arrestin1(arrestin2)andβ-arrestin-2(arrestin-3)areubiquitousandregulatenon-visualGPCRs.
Image:ConfocalimageofapigretinawithArrestin-1(MO22141)ingreen.Visualarrestinismostabundantintheothersegments(OS)andinnersurfaceoftheouternuclearlayer(ONL).Itcanbeusedtoidenfifycomponentsofrodphotoreceptorscells.RedstainingisFox2,anRNAbindingnuclearprotein.NuclearDNAwasrevealedwithDAPIinblue
Visualarrestinwasfirstdiscoveredasaresultoftheexperimentalmodelofhumanuveitis,anautoimmunediseaseoftheeye.Inthismodel,calledexperimentalallergicuveitis,animalswereinjectedwithextractsmadefromtheretinaofthesamespeciesmixedwithFreund’scompleteadjuvant.Theanimalsmountedastrongimmuneresponsetotheextract,andtheantibodyresponsewasusedtoidentifyseveralimmunogenicretinalproteins.OneofthesewascalledS-antigen,forsolubleantigen.Theproteinwasfoundtobeabundantinretina,about48kDainmolecularweight,andlocalizedintheoutersegmentsofthephotoreceptors.
Severalyearslater,HermannKühnandcolleaguesdiscoveredthatthisproteinbindstophosphorylatedrhodopsinandpreventsthisproteinfromactivatingtransducin.TransducinisatypicalheterotrimericGprotein,composedofαandβγsubunits.RhodopsinphosphorylationismediatedbyRhodopsinkinase(a.k.a.GRK1),theprototypicmemberofafamilyofGPCRkinases.SincetheS-antigenproteinarrestedtheactivityofrhodopsinitwasrenamedarrestin,andbecametheprototypicmemberofthearrestinproteinfamily.
